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| 大疫中的新詞義與新詞匯 | ||
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In Pandemic， Word Definitions Shift and New Lexicon Emerges Matt Sedensky 馬特·塞登斯基 Newscasts bring word of “hot zones” and “l(fā)ockdowns.” Conversations are littered with talk of “quarantines” and “isolation.” Leaders urge “social distancing” and “sheltering in place” and “flattening the curve.” In an instant， our vocabulary has changed - just like everything else. Now， those turning to online dictionaries are parsing the difference between epidemics and pandemics， ventilators and respirators， seeking some black-and-white answers in the face of total uncertainty. “Words matter，” says John Kelly， a senior research editor at Dictionary.com. “They provide comfort and order amid chaos. They provide solidarity in an age of social distancing.” A look at the fast-evolving lexicon of the coronavirus pandemic: WARTIME METAPHORS Trump is now touting himself as “a wartime president” leading the fight against the virus. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo is equating ventilators to “missiles” in the battle. French President Emmanuel Macron has bluntly declared: “We are at war.” Around the world， words typically used in relation to nuclear fallout， active shooters， deadly storms and war are now being deployed to discuss disease. John Baugh， a linguist at Washington University in St. Louis， says doctors are desperate to shake the public to attention， using metaphors they think can convey the seriousness of the problem. Politicians may be doing the same - or may be trying to capitalize on catastrophe. SHIFTING DEFINITIONS As the virus gripped China， onlookers saw a “l(fā)ockdown” at the outbreak's epicenter of Wuhan. As COVID-19 moved west，though， the meaning of such terms has morphed， and leaders' definitions of disaster jargon has been as varied as the public's interpretations. Cuomo created a “containment zone” in New Rochelle last week. The phrase conjured images of mass quarantine even as businesses remained open and people were free to come and go. Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio have subsequently aired different messages on the possibility of more severe restrictions in the biggest American city， with the mayor urging residents to prepare to “shelter in place” and the governor criticizing the idea and the language. Cuomo has dismissed “shelter in place” as a relic of the Atomic Age. “People are using different terms somewhat interchangeably，” said Dr. Irwin Redlener， an expert on disaster preparedness and public health at Columbia University. The tug-of-war over terminology echoes the patchwork of measures that state and local governments have taken， he said. VIRUS VOCABULARY Kathleen Hall Jamieson cringes when scientists toss out statements of “morbidity” and “mortality” in the same breath， when public officials warn of “asymptomatic” people posing a threat， and when news conferences are peppered with words like “vector” and “transmission.” “They are incomprehensible to many in the public，” said the University of Pennsylvania communications expert. “Public health officials，” she said， “need to translate their technical language into intelligible language.” That means saying something like “not showing any symptoms” instead of “asymptomatic，” using simple verbs like “spread” versus “transmit，” and opting for the clarity of “hand-washing” over “hygiene.” But Hall Jamieson marvels at how Dr. Anthony Fauci and others have managed to get the public to grasp a complicated medical concept with the phrase “flattening the curve，” often accompanied by visual hand cues. And many see “social distancing” to be the greatest pandemic-era addition to the vernacular yet - easily understood phrasing that's helped communicate to millions that they need to keep a safe berth to avoid spreading the virus. 新聞節(jié)目中蹦出“熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)”“封鎖”等詞語。交談中充斥著“檢疫隔離”“隔離”等字眼。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們力勸“拉開社交距離”“就地防護(hù)”和“拉平曲線”。 一轉(zhuǎn)眼，我們的詞匯表就這樣改變了，一如其他的一切。 現(xiàn)在，那些查閱網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞典的人們正在分辨流行病與大流行病、呼吸機(jī)和人工呼吸器的區(qū)別，面對(duì)無常世事力求找到一些黑白分明的答案。 詞典網(wǎng)站的高級(jí)研究編輯約翰·凱利說：“字字千鈞。它們于混亂中帶來慰藉和秩序，在社交疏離的時(shí)代給予相互支持。” 且看新冠肺炎大流行病期間快速演變的用詞： 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)比喻 特朗普現(xiàn)在自詡為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)抗擊病毒的“戰(zhàn)時(shí)總統(tǒng)”。紐約州州長安德魯·科莫將呼吸機(jī)等同于戰(zhàn)斗中的“導(dǎo)彈”。法國總統(tǒng)埃馬紐埃爾·馬克龍?jiān)毖圆恢M地宣稱：“我們?cè)诖蛘獭！?/FONT> 環(huán)顧全世界，那些通常用在核輻射、行兇槍手、致命風(fēng)暴和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上的詞語現(xiàn)在正被拿來談?wù)摷膊 ?/FONT> 華盛頓大學(xué)（圣路易斯）的語言學(xué)家約翰·鮑說，醫(yī)生們迫不及待地想用他們認(rèn)為能體現(xiàn)問題嚴(yán)重性的比喻來撼動(dòng)公眾引起注意。政客們可能意欲達(dá)到同樣的目的——或者可能想借題發(fā)揮。 定義改變 病毒肆虐中國時(shí)，旁觀者看到疫情中心武漢實(shí)行了“封鎖”。而隨著新冠肺炎向西蔓延，這類用語的含義發(fā)生了變化，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人給災(zāi)難術(shù)語下的定義與公眾對(duì)它們的理解一樣千差萬別。 科莫上周在新羅謝爾設(shè)立了一個(gè)“封堵區(qū)域”。這個(gè)詞讓人聯(lián)想到大規(guī)模隔離的畫面，而其實(shí)商家依然營業(yè)，人們?nèi)匀贿M(jìn)出自由。 隨后，科莫和紐約市長白思豪就美國最大城市會(huì)不會(huì)實(shí)行更嚴(yán)格的限制措施傳遞了不同的信息，市長敦促居民準(zhǔn)備“就地防護(hù)”，州長則批評(píng)這一想法和措辭。科莫把“就地防護(hù)”斥之為原子時(shí)代的遺物。 哥倫比亞大學(xué)備災(zāi)和公共衛(wèi)生問題專家歐文·雷德萊納說：“大家的用詞雖然不同，但基本上是可以換用的。”他說，術(shù)語拉鋸戰(zhàn)與各州和地方政府所采取的措施五花八門如出一轍。 病毒詞匯 每當(dāng)科學(xué)家拋出“發(fā)病率”“死亡率”混在一起的聲明，每當(dāng)政府官員警告“無癥狀”的人一樣很危險(xiǎn)，每當(dāng)新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上充斥著“載體”和“傳播”這樣的字眼，凱瑟琳·霍爾·賈米森就會(huì)尷尬不安。 這位賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的傳播學(xué)專家說：“這些詞對(duì)很多公眾來說是無法理解的。” 她說：“公共衛(wèi)生官員應(yīng)當(dāng)把他們的技術(shù)用語翻譯成可以聽得懂的語言。” 這意味著要用“沒有癥狀”取代“無癥狀”，用“擴(kuò)散”等簡單動(dòng)詞而不是“傳播”，用“洗手”這個(gè)一目了然的詞而不是“衛(wèi)生”。 但霍爾·賈米森驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，安東尼·福奇博士和其他人已經(jīng)想方設(shè)法讓公眾理解了一個(gè)復(fù)雜的醫(yī)學(xué)概念，他們用的是“拉平曲線”一詞，常常伴以手勢(shì)給予視覺提示。 許多人認(rèn)為，“拉開社交距離”是大流行病時(shí)代迄今為止新添的一個(gè)最重要詞語——這個(gè)簡單易懂的用詞有助于向成百上千萬人傳遞一個(gè)信息：為了避免傳播病毒，他們需要待在一個(gè)安全的位置。（涂頎譯自美聯(lián)社3月20日文章） 本文轉(zhuǎn)載自《參考消息》 |
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